Conductive inks, substrates, encapsulation and functional chemistry — the layer stack that decides what can be printed, stretched and shipped.
Inkjet- and slot-die-printed silver nanowire films are closing the conductivity gap with indium tin oxide, and doing it without the brittleness that has kept ITO out of the fold line.
Silver flake still dominates conductive ink formulations on performance and process maturity. But with silver trading near historic highs, copper and graphene alternatives are finally winning design-ins where cost-per-gram matters more than conductivity headroom.
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